FuelEU Maritime is one of the most stringent upcoming EU regulations affecting vessels of 5,000 GT+ regardless of flag. It sets strict fuel reduction targets, in combination with levies on fuel combustion. Fuels outside EU will fall under this legislation as well.

The EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) is a de facto carbon tax for shipowners sailing in the EU. Shipowners have to report their emissions to a Recognized Authority via EU MRV on March 31 and pay for them by September 30. For every metric ton of CO2 equivalent emissions, you must surrender 1 European Allowance (EUA). Emissions are 50% when sailing from and to EU.

The IMO Net-Zero Framework introduces a global fuel-intensity standard and a greenhouse-gas pricing mechanism for international shipping from 2028. Ships above the intensity limit pay for remedial units; over-compliant ships can earn surplus units. It applies worldwide, on top of regional schemes such as EU ETS and FuelEU.